Pompeii Introduction Walk II (Self Guided), Pompei
Frozen at the moment it was buried under the thick blanket of ash and pumice, the city of Pompeii (now excavated) remains a unique window into the past, offering a snapshot of everyday life back in the 1st century AD Roman Empire. Aside from causing quick and unexpected death to the city, the huge eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD did have one positive outcome 鈥� it preserved everything (properties, people, animals, objects and streets) in its original place.
Long before the tragedy, Pompeii had enjoyed eventful and prosperous history, imprinted in its architecture. Following the Greeks who brought into the region the Apollo cult, the Etruscans, who settled here in 524 BC, created some of Pompeii's oldest sanctuaries, like the Temple of Apollo.
As a Roman colony, the area around the city became very prosperous for its desirability to live in and grow crops. Multiple farms and villas were built nearby, many of which have been excavated, including the Villa of the Mysteries and the Villa of Diomedes.
Between the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, Pompeii became an important commercial hub and enriched itself with numerous buildings of high architectural quality, such as the Forum, the Temple of Jupiter (main temple of the city built in 150 BC, possibly on the site of an earlier Etruscan shrine), the Basilica (built in 120-78 BC), and others. Under emperor Augustus, from about 30 BC, a major expansion in new public buildings saw the arrival of the Forum Baths, the Temple of Fortuna Augusto, the Eumachia Building (guild-house of clothiers, weavers and dyers), and the Macellum (indoor food market).
The inhabitants of Pompeii had long been used to minor earthquakes. On 5 February 62 AD, a severe earthquake caused considerable damage to the city. Certain buildings, like the Central Baths, were laid down immediately afterwards with an aim to enhance the city with new developments.
Presently, alongside the ancient structures in Pompeii, you can see some relatively new ones, like the Antiquarium of Pompeii, built between 1873 and 1874, as an exhibition venue for archaeological findings to preserve the memories of Pompeii and its citizens.
Two millennia on, the secrets of Pompeii have yet to be revealed fully. Perhaps, it is owing to this fact alone that, for the past 250 years, this place has been a popular tourist destination. If you wish to touch the preserved walls of this once thriving Roman city set against the backdrop of Mount Vesuvius, take this self-guided introductory tour part 2.
Long before the tragedy, Pompeii had enjoyed eventful and prosperous history, imprinted in its architecture. Following the Greeks who brought into the region the Apollo cult, the Etruscans, who settled here in 524 BC, created some of Pompeii's oldest sanctuaries, like the Temple of Apollo.
As a Roman colony, the area around the city became very prosperous for its desirability to live in and grow crops. Multiple farms and villas were built nearby, many of which have been excavated, including the Villa of the Mysteries and the Villa of Diomedes.
Between the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, Pompeii became an important commercial hub and enriched itself with numerous buildings of high architectural quality, such as the Forum, the Temple of Jupiter (main temple of the city built in 150 BC, possibly on the site of an earlier Etruscan shrine), the Basilica (built in 120-78 BC), and others. Under emperor Augustus, from about 30 BC, a major expansion in new public buildings saw the arrival of the Forum Baths, the Temple of Fortuna Augusto, the Eumachia Building (guild-house of clothiers, weavers and dyers), and the Macellum (indoor food market).
The inhabitants of Pompeii had long been used to minor earthquakes. On 5 February 62 AD, a severe earthquake caused considerable damage to the city. Certain buildings, like the Central Baths, were laid down immediately afterwards with an aim to enhance the city with new developments.
Presently, alongside the ancient structures in Pompeii, you can see some relatively new ones, like the Antiquarium of Pompeii, built between 1873 and 1874, as an exhibition venue for archaeological findings to preserve the memories of Pompeii and its citizens.
Two millennia on, the secrets of Pompeii have yet to be revealed fully. Perhaps, it is owing to this fact alone that, for the past 250 years, this place has been a popular tourist destination. If you wish to touch the preserved walls of this once thriving Roman city set against the backdrop of Mount Vesuvius, take this self-guided introductory tour part 2.
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Pompeii Introduction Walk II Map
Guide Name: Pompeii Introduction Walk II
Guide Location: Italy » Pompei (See other walking tours in Pompei)
Guide Type: Self-guided Walking Tour (Sightseeing)
# of Attractions: 25
Tour Duration: 3 Hour(s)
Travel Distance: 2.3 Km or 1.4 Miles
Author: Ella
Sight(s) Featured in This Guide:
Guide Location: Italy » Pompei (See other walking tours in Pompei)
Guide Type: Self-guided Walking Tour (Sightseeing)
# of Attractions: 25
Tour Duration: 3 Hour(s)
Travel Distance: 2.3 Km or 1.4 Miles
Author: Ella
Sight(s) Featured in This Guide:
- Marine Gate (Porta Marino) and Suburban Baths
- Temple of Venus
- Antiquarium of Pompeii
- Basilica
- Temple of Apollo
- Building of Eumachia
- Temple of Vespasian
- Forum
- Macellum (Provision Market)
- Temple of Jupiter
- Forum Baths
- Temple of Fortuna Augusto
- House of the Tragic Poet
- House of the Pansa
- Bakery and Vicolo Storto
- Central Baths
- House of the Golden Cupids
- House of Dioscuri
- House of the Meleager
- House of Apollo
- House of Sallustio
- Porta Ercolano and Necropolis
- The Street of Tombs
- Villa of Diomedes
- Villa of the Mysteries
1) Marine Gate (Porta Marino) and Suburban Baths
Porta Marina is one of the two main gates which allowed access through the city walls and into the centre of Pompei. Located in a fortified section of the stone walls, Porta Marina faces towards the sea 鈥� hence the name, Marine Gate. It is comprises of two arches 鈥� a smaller arch for people to pass through, and a larger arch for animals such as mules and donkeys.
Just outside the Porta Marina, you will find one of the city鈥檚 newly discovered treasures. Known as the Suburban Baths, this former public bath house was only discovered in 1958, several years after the Central Baths were unearthed in the city centre. The baths possess a couple of unusual features which have given a fresh insight into the social and cultural life of Pompei.
Firstly, the dressing room, or apodyterium, is unusual, in that it is just that 鈥� only one room, without separate changing facilities for men and women. The decorations found in the dressing room are also remarkable. Whilst erotic art works have been found in various locations in Pompei, the walls here feature a great number of highly erotic frescoes, which are more graphic than those seen elsewhere in the city. This suggests a far more relaxed attitude to sexual imagery than many historians had supposed.
Just outside the Porta Marina, you will find one of the city鈥檚 newly discovered treasures. Known as the Suburban Baths, this former public bath house was only discovered in 1958, several years after the Central Baths were unearthed in the city centre. The baths possess a couple of unusual features which have given a fresh insight into the social and cultural life of Pompei.
Firstly, the dressing room, or apodyterium, is unusual, in that it is just that 鈥� only one room, without separate changing facilities for men and women. The decorations found in the dressing room are also remarkable. Whilst erotic art works have been found in various locations in Pompei, the walls here feature a great number of highly erotic frescoes, which are more graphic than those seen elsewhere in the city. This suggests a far more relaxed attitude to sexual imagery than many historians had supposed.
2) Temple of Venus
Pompei as a city is fairly compact, its grid of streets tightly packed onto a hillside. At the western edge of the centre, you reach the top of the hill close to the Temple of Venus. On a hot summer鈥檚 day in southern Italy, the uphill walk can be a struggle. A visit to the temple can be hard work, but visitors are rewarded with stunning views of the River Sarno and Gulf of Naples below. The temple was built here by the Sullans, a Roman faction who invaded Pompei in 80 BC, fully enforcing Roman culture and language on the city for the first time.
As one of the first buildings completed under this new regime, the Temple of Venus was built in accordance with strict Roman architectural guidelines. Facing towards the sea, it was formed from a wide tufa podium, surrounded by porticos, with marble decoration throughout. Built as a symbol of the wealth and status of the Sullans, as well as a fitting place of worship for the Roman goddess of love, it is thought to have been the finest temple in Pompei. Sadly, its prominent position, close to the city walls, made it a target for invaders, meaning it was largely ruined when first rediscovered two centuries ago.
As one of the first buildings completed under this new regime, the Temple of Venus was built in accordance with strict Roman architectural guidelines. Facing towards the sea, it was formed from a wide tufa podium, surrounded by porticos, with marble decoration throughout. Built as a symbol of the wealth and status of the Sullans, as well as a fitting place of worship for the Roman goddess of love, it is thought to have been the finest temple in Pompei. Sadly, its prominent position, close to the city walls, made it a target for invaders, meaning it was largely ruined when first rediscovered two centuries ago.
3) Antiquarium of Pompeii
The Pompeian Antiquarium serves as an archaeological museum housing artifacts recovered from Pompeii's excavations. Established in 1861, it endured destruction during World War II bombings but was reconstructed in 1948 with modern museum standards. However, it remained closed for 36 years before reopening in 2016.
The entrance hall showcases frescoes from the Portico dei Triclini, sculptures, and graffiti from houses like those of Ceres and Fabius Rufus. Additionally, it displays architectural terracottas from the Doric Temple and the Temple of Apollo, dating back to the 6th-5th centuries BC. Central showcases exhibit fragments of Attic and Corinthian pottery, as well as artifacts like a volute crater and tomb remains from Valle del Sarno, dating to the 9th-8th centuries BC.
Another room features a tuff metope from the Triangular Forum, while one is dedicated to Livia, displaying her statue from the villa of the Mysteries and Marcellus' portrait from the Temple of Venus.
The third room, also known as Pompeiana Suppelex, contains furnishings from Pompeii residences, including bronze pottery, marble statues of deities, bronze seals, needles, studs, and marble shields believed to ward off the evil eye. A sign of the Caupona di Euxinus stands between the third and fourth rooms.
In the fourth room, visitors can explore architectural models, materials from Pompeian shops, food remnants, a terracotta stove, surgical instruments, and fishing tools from the port of Pompeii. Bronze objects from the house of Fabius Rufus and a statue of Bacchus are exhibited in the corridor leading to the exit.
The entrance hall showcases frescoes from the Portico dei Triclini, sculptures, and graffiti from houses like those of Ceres and Fabius Rufus. Additionally, it displays architectural terracottas from the Doric Temple and the Temple of Apollo, dating back to the 6th-5th centuries BC. Central showcases exhibit fragments of Attic and Corinthian pottery, as well as artifacts like a volute crater and tomb remains from Valle del Sarno, dating to the 9th-8th centuries BC.
Another room features a tuff metope from the Triangular Forum, while one is dedicated to Livia, displaying her statue from the villa of the Mysteries and Marcellus' portrait from the Temple of Venus.
The third room, also known as Pompeiana Suppelex, contains furnishings from Pompeii residences, including bronze pottery, marble statues of deities, bronze seals, needles, studs, and marble shields believed to ward off the evil eye. A sign of the Caupona di Euxinus stands between the third and fourth rooms.
In the fourth room, visitors can explore architectural models, materials from Pompeian shops, food remnants, a terracotta stove, surgical instruments, and fishing tools from the port of Pompeii. Bronze objects from the house of Fabius Rufus and a statue of Bacchus are exhibited in the corridor leading to the exit.
4) Basilica
The Basilica stands on the left hand side of a large square, which has the Forum at its centre. It is the oldest Roman Basilica ever discovered, and has stood here since the 2nd century BC. This was one of Pompei鈥檚 most important buildings, housing the town鈥檚 law courts, as well as halls for commercial and financial transactions. The main entrance was located on one of the building鈥檚 two short sides, behind a portico. The portico contains 28 columns, which are made of cut tiles. There is some debate over whether these thick columns held a complete roof, or whether the centre of the building was open to the elements.
Immediately next to the entrance is where the tribunal, or law court, still stands. Dominating one side of the Basilica building, it consists of a two metre high podium originally topped with six Corinthian columns. There are no stairs down from the podium, suggesting that temporary steps were used for judges to access it, preventing members of the public from reaching them whilst passing judgment. The outside walls of the Basilica are made of painted stucco, much of which has been preserved by the ash falls which buried the city in 79 AD.
Immediately next to the entrance is where the tribunal, or law court, still stands. Dominating one side of the Basilica building, it consists of a two metre high podium originally topped with six Corinthian columns. There are no stairs down from the podium, suggesting that temporary steps were used for judges to access it, preventing members of the public from reaching them whilst passing judgment. The outside walls of the Basilica are made of painted stucco, much of which has been preserved by the ash falls which buried the city in 79 AD.
5) Temple of Apollo
The Temple of Apollo stands next to the Forum in the historic heart of Pompei. It is thought to have been the most important religious building in the city for much of its history, and certainly during Greek and Samnite rule. The cult of Apollo, a Greek congregation who worshipped Apollo, son of Zeus and God of light, knowledge and the sun, drew a great many followers in Campania from the 6th century BC onwards.
The temple gained its present form in the 2nd century BC, and was a central part of Pompei life 鈥� so much so that the mensa ponderaria is carved into its perimeter wall. This chart forms the town鈥檚 guide to official measurements, for use by traders in the Forum. Damaged extensively by the earthquake of 62 AD, it was never fully rebuilt. Its elevated podium still allows visitors a clear view to Vesuvius, north west of the city.
The Temple of Apollo was built in the form of a peripteros 鈥� a raised platform surrounded on all sides by columns. This creates an arcade which runs around the outside of the temple. This area was redecorated under Roman rule, but the changes have almost completely disappeared over time. In the centre of the temple, you can see a white marble altar, and a set back cella, which contains statues of Apollo and Diana.
The temple gained its present form in the 2nd century BC, and was a central part of Pompei life 鈥� so much so that the mensa ponderaria is carved into its perimeter wall. This chart forms the town鈥檚 guide to official measurements, for use by traders in the Forum. Damaged extensively by the earthquake of 62 AD, it was never fully rebuilt. Its elevated podium still allows visitors a clear view to Vesuvius, north west of the city.
The Temple of Apollo was built in the form of a peripteros 鈥� a raised platform surrounded on all sides by columns. This creates an arcade which runs around the outside of the temple. This area was redecorated under Roman rule, but the changes have almost completely disappeared over time. In the centre of the temple, you can see a white marble altar, and a set back cella, which contains statues of Apollo and Diana.
6) Building of Eumachia
The Building of Eumachia is found on the eastern side of the Forum. An elegant, well preserved house, it can be identified by an ornate carved marble frieze around the entrance. Two inscriptions found within the building show that it was owned by Eumachia, a local priestess of Venus. Eumachia was also a successful business owner, having inherited a wool production company from her husband. It is believed that this building may have housed a factory, producing wool and cloth for the entire city. Others argue that due to Eumachia鈥檚 status as a priestess, it may have been used as a place of worship.
The building dates back to the Tiberian age of Rome. It has a fa莽ade with two apses, and four rectangular niches which once housed statues. Two further statues were housed in a colonnade at the centre of the house. In the style of many grand Roman residences, it surrounded an open air peristyle, or courtyard. The statues depict the Concordia Augusta, the wife of Augustus Caesar, and Eumachia herself. These figures, combined with the known history of Eumachia and the building she commissioned, show the influence and respect afforded to many successful women in the Roman era.
The building dates back to the Tiberian age of Rome. It has a fa莽ade with two apses, and four rectangular niches which once housed statues. Two further statues were housed in a colonnade at the centre of the house. In the style of many grand Roman residences, it surrounded an open air peristyle, or courtyard. The statues depict the Concordia Augusta, the wife of Augustus Caesar, and Eumachia herself. These figures, combined with the known history of Eumachia and the building she commissioned, show the influence and respect afforded to many successful women in the Roman era.
7) Temple of Vespasian
The Temple of Vespasian is a small ancient Roman temple in Pompeii, located on the east side of the Forum, between the Eumachia Building and the Sanctuary of the Public Lares. It has irregular plan, almost flattened, due to the limited space available. The shrine was dedicated to the Imperial Cult, widely practiced in Rome. The time of its construction is uncertain.
Some archaeologists reckon it was built after the death of emperor Augustus (hence the alternate Latin name of it 鈥� Aedes Genii Augusti), and on the land owned by him. They believe the building was significantly damaged in the 62 AD earthquake and had to be modified, including the fa莽ade. Supporting this theory are the contrasting brickwork and difference in height with the neighboring Eumachia Building, as well as its placement 鈥� slightly forward 鈥� interrupting the colonnade of the Forum.
Others date the temple back to the era of Vespasian, who was alive during the construction, which was still unfinished before the eruption took place. Attesting to that is the bas-relief at the altar, depicting a bull sacrifice ceremony. If the emperor had died, the sacrifice of an ox would have been featured. Some researchers, however, believe that the temple was originally dedicated to Augustus, and then successively to each of the following emperors including, ultimately, Vespasian.
Leading to the entrance (chalcidicum) are two lateral stairs. The entrance porch is decorated on the sides with four columns; the brickwork niche was to hold a bronze statue of an emperor. Passing through the porch, you enter the courtyard, whose perimeter walls are made of tuff, while the brickwork is used exclusively for the columns. It looks as though the floor, which must have been in marble, was still absent at the time of the eruption, given the ditch in the tuff for collecting rainwater.
At the center of the court is a white marble altar decorated with a wreath of oak leaves, resting on a shield and two laurel shrubs; also depicted here as some sacrificial items, like a lituo and an incense box, under festoons of fruit and flowers.
Some archaeologists reckon it was built after the death of emperor Augustus (hence the alternate Latin name of it 鈥� Aedes Genii Augusti), and on the land owned by him. They believe the building was significantly damaged in the 62 AD earthquake and had to be modified, including the fa莽ade. Supporting this theory are the contrasting brickwork and difference in height with the neighboring Eumachia Building, as well as its placement 鈥� slightly forward 鈥� interrupting the colonnade of the Forum.
Others date the temple back to the era of Vespasian, who was alive during the construction, which was still unfinished before the eruption took place. Attesting to that is the bas-relief at the altar, depicting a bull sacrifice ceremony. If the emperor had died, the sacrifice of an ox would have been featured. Some researchers, however, believe that the temple was originally dedicated to Augustus, and then successively to each of the following emperors including, ultimately, Vespasian.
Leading to the entrance (chalcidicum) are two lateral stairs. The entrance porch is decorated on the sides with four columns; the brickwork niche was to hold a bronze statue of an emperor. Passing through the porch, you enter the courtyard, whose perimeter walls are made of tuff, while the brickwork is used exclusively for the columns. It looks as though the floor, which must have been in marble, was still absent at the time of the eruption, given the ditch in the tuff for collecting rainwater.
At the center of the court is a white marble altar decorated with a wreath of oak leaves, resting on a shield and two laurel shrubs; also depicted here as some sacrificial items, like a lituo and an incense box, under festoons of fruit and flowers.
8) Forum (must see)
The Forum, a feature present in many Roman settlements, was a public space found at the centre of Pompei. It stands in the middle of a square, which contains several of the town鈥檚 most significant buildings. From the southern end of the forum, moving clockwise, there are the Basilica, the Temple of Apollo, the grain and food markets, the sanctuary, the temple of Vespasian, the building of Eumachia, and the Comitium.
It is safe to assume that the Forum was at one time the centre of Pompei. It stands on the junction of two Roman roads, linking Pompei with Naples and the nearby settlement of Stabiae. However, within the preserved ruins of the city, the Forum is found towards the outskirts. This is believed to be due to large scale development in the 2nd century BC, which moved the city centre away from the Forum.
Now a square of grass, the Forum area appears to have undergone many changes during the history of Pompei. Prior to the earthquake in 62 AD, the floor was receiving an upgrade 鈥� it is still partially paved with travertine. It is thought that a market was held in the middle of the open space. There are also a number of marble bases missing the statues that should sit upon them, and a half finished suggestum 鈥� the Roman equivalent of a soapbox for public speaking.
It is safe to assume that the Forum was at one time the centre of Pompei. It stands on the junction of two Roman roads, linking Pompei with Naples and the nearby settlement of Stabiae. However, within the preserved ruins of the city, the Forum is found towards the outskirts. This is believed to be due to large scale development in the 2nd century BC, which moved the city centre away from the Forum.
Now a square of grass, the Forum area appears to have undergone many changes during the history of Pompei. Prior to the earthquake in 62 AD, the floor was receiving an upgrade 鈥� it is still partially paved with travertine. It is thought that a market was held in the middle of the open space. There are also a number of marble bases missing the statues that should sit upon them, and a half finished suggestum 鈥� the Roman equivalent of a soapbox for public speaking.
9) Macellum (Provision Market)
The Macellum of Pompei was built alongside the Forum, in order to provide further space for the city鈥檚 growing central market. The existing building was constructed in approximately 130 BC, replacing the original macellum building. Built around a central courtyard, the north and south sides both hold twelve separate units for the sale of foodstuffs.
Upon discovering the large, columned building, archaeologists at first believed it to be a pantheon 鈥� a central temple for the worship of many gods. It was only after the discovery of fish bones and jarred fruits underneath the ash that it became clear this building was used as a market. It is believed that permanent stalls were set up on the north side, hidden for much of the day from the sun. These stores sold fruit, nuts and bread, amongst other things. The stalls on the south side were used by local traders to sell meat and fish. There is a well in the centre of the courtyard, which was used by vendors to clean and gut fish.
The Macellum had three entrances 鈥� the southern entrance is notable for the checkerboard patterned wall adjacent to it. It is considered to be the finest quality wall constructed during the Roman era of Pompei. At the back of the market, there is a mysterious room, which was used as a shrine. There has been much debate over the paintings and statues found there. The latest and most widely accepted theory is that they depict Emperor Augustus Caesar, as well as local figures that commanded respect within the town.
Upon discovering the large, columned building, archaeologists at first believed it to be a pantheon 鈥� a central temple for the worship of many gods. It was only after the discovery of fish bones and jarred fruits underneath the ash that it became clear this building was used as a market. It is believed that permanent stalls were set up on the north side, hidden for much of the day from the sun. These stores sold fruit, nuts and bread, amongst other things. The stalls on the south side were used by local traders to sell meat and fish. There is a well in the centre of the courtyard, which was used by vendors to clean and gut fish.
The Macellum had three entrances 鈥� the southern entrance is notable for the checkerboard patterned wall adjacent to it. It is considered to be the finest quality wall constructed during the Roman era of Pompei. At the back of the market, there is a mysterious room, which was used as a shrine. There has been much debate over the paintings and statues found there. The latest and most widely accepted theory is that they depict Emperor Augustus Caesar, as well as local figures that commanded respect within the town.
10) Temple of Jupiter
The Temple of Jupiter sits at the northern end of the Forum, a large open space once used as a market place. Also known as the Capitolium, it was a place of worship for Jupiter, the Roman ruler of the Gods and protector of Rome. Temples dedicated to Jupiter were considered the centres of Roman religion. This temple, built in the mid 2nd century BC, marked the passing of Pompei into the Roman Empire. Pompei was originally a Greek settlement, and was later ruled by the Samnites. Originally occupied by Romans in 310 BC, it maintained a degree of autonomy, with many Greek gods worshipped more fervently than those followed in Rome.
A failed revolt in 89 BC led to a more forceful implementation of Roman language, culture and law in Pompei. This saw Jupiter become the town鈥檚 highest God, and his temple the centre of Pompeian worship. It later also became a place of worship for Juno and Minerva, who together with Jupiter formed the Capitoline Triad of Gods. The temple dominates one side of the forum, and is built in traditional Italic style, with a cella at the centre housing statues of the Capitoline Triad. A bronze bust of Jupiter can be seen at the northern end of the temple. A chamber below the temple housed sacrificial offerings and the city鈥檚 treasury.
A failed revolt in 89 BC led to a more forceful implementation of Roman language, culture and law in Pompei. This saw Jupiter become the town鈥檚 highest God, and his temple the centre of Pompeian worship. It later also became a place of worship for Juno and Minerva, who together with Jupiter formed the Capitoline Triad of Gods. The temple dominates one side of the forum, and is built in traditional Italic style, with a cella at the centre housing statues of the Capitoline Triad. A bronze bust of Jupiter can be seen at the northern end of the temple. A chamber below the temple housed sacrificial offerings and the city鈥檚 treasury.
11) Forum Baths
The Forum Baths are one of four bath houses discovered in the ruined city of Pompei. Along with the Central, Stabian and Suburban Baths, they have given a fascinating insight into the importance of public baths in Roman life. With little in the way of bathing facilities found inside private dwellings, it appears that bathing in these buildings would have been a daily ritual for many citizens. The Forum Baths were not the largest or most decorated in the city, but survived the 62 AD earthquake relatively unscathed, and as a result were the only baths still in use when the city was destroyed.
The Forum Baths are located opposite the Temple of Fortuna Augusta in the centre of Pompei. Divided into men鈥檚 and women鈥檚 sections, this compact bath house contained all of the features found in larger public baths, including a frigidarium, where customers could take a cold bath. The apodyterium, or changing room, is notable for its high barrel vaulted roof, complete with a skylight. The caldarium, which contained hot baths, was heated by warm air circulated within cavities in the walls. The room also features a marble labrum bath which allows bathers to cool off after bathing.
The Forum Baths are located opposite the Temple of Fortuna Augusta in the centre of Pompei. Divided into men鈥檚 and women鈥檚 sections, this compact bath house contained all of the features found in larger public baths, including a frigidarium, where customers could take a cold bath. The apodyterium, or changing room, is notable for its high barrel vaulted roof, complete with a skylight. The caldarium, which contained hot baths, was heated by warm air circulated within cavities in the walls. The room also features a marble labrum bath which allows bathers to cool off after bathing.
12) Temple of Fortuna Augusto
The Temple of Fortuna Augusto stands on the corner of via del Foro and via della Fortuna. It was built by Marcus Tullius, a wealthy local benefactor and relative of Cicero. Tullius even appointed a minister for the cult, which worshipped the then Roman Emperor, Augustus Caesar. When Augustus died, the temple began worshipping his successor, and continued to worship whoever claimed the title of emperor.
The temple, like many Roman places of worship, kept religious statues in its cella. Each time a new emperor was crowned, the minister would order a new statue and place it in a niche within the cella. This led many of the citizens of Pompei to believe that the temple was politically rather than religiously motivated. A statue of Augustus remained in the central niche throughout the temple鈥檚 history, however.
This small temple was destroyed in the earthquake of 62 AD, and never fully rebuilt. It originally had a very similar layout to the Temple of Jupiter, located nearby at the edge of the Forum. A raised podium at the centre of the temple, accessible via a stone staircase, contained an altar and the cella. Within the cella, five niches housed statues of Augustus and his successors.
The temple, like many Roman places of worship, kept religious statues in its cella. Each time a new emperor was crowned, the minister would order a new statue and place it in a niche within the cella. This led many of the citizens of Pompei to believe that the temple was politically rather than religiously motivated. A statue of Augustus remained in the central niche throughout the temple鈥檚 history, however.
This small temple was destroyed in the earthquake of 62 AD, and never fully rebuilt. It originally had a very similar layout to the Temple of Jupiter, located nearby at the edge of the Forum. A raised podium at the centre of the temple, accessible via a stone staircase, contained an altar and the cella. Within the cella, five niches housed statues of Augustus and his successors.
13) House of the Tragic Poet
The House of the Tragic Poet is also known as the Homeric or Iliadic House. It is a fairly typical Roman era residential building, built in the 2nd century BC. It is famous for a series of elaborate mosaics and frescoes which depict scenes from Greek mythology. It has attracted interest from writers and academics ever since it was unearthed in November 1824. The artworks discovered are among the finest ever found in Pompei. This is unusual, given that the house itself is unremarkable compared to some of the city鈥檚 larger villas. Little is known of the family that owned the house, except that they were most likely killed in the 79 AD eruption of Vesuvius.
There are frescoes and mosaics throughout the House of the Tragic Poet. A mosaic found in the entrance hall shows a chained dog, with the words 鈥楥ave Canem鈥� 鈥� beware of the dog 鈥� written underneath. The house鈥檚 atrium and peristyle feature frescoes depicting several Greek Gods, including Zeus, Aphrodite, Achilles and Poseidon, amongst others. Many literary figures have been based upon this mysterious building, including Vladimir Janovic, whose epic poem House of the Tragic Poet gave the house its name. Janovic鈥檚 work is based around the myths and stories told in the house鈥檚 many frescoes and mosaics.
There are frescoes and mosaics throughout the House of the Tragic Poet. A mosaic found in the entrance hall shows a chained dog, with the words 鈥楥ave Canem鈥� 鈥� beware of the dog 鈥� written underneath. The house鈥檚 atrium and peristyle feature frescoes depicting several Greek Gods, including Zeus, Aphrodite, Achilles and Poseidon, amongst others. Many literary figures have been based upon this mysterious building, including Vladimir Janovic, whose epic poem House of the Tragic Poet gave the house its name. Janovic鈥檚 work is based around the myths and stories told in the house鈥檚 many frescoes and mosaics.
14) House of the Pansa
The House of the Pansa is a large mansion building which occupies an entire block of his historic city. Whilst the central and rear portions of the house are residential, almost all of the rooms adjacent to the surrounding streets were let out by the owner, Gnaeus Aleius Nigidius Maius. It is believed that they were used as shops, store rooms and living quarters. Archaeologists even discovered a sign put up by the owner, advertising units available to rent. The house鈥檚 main entrance is located on the via delle Terme. The building was first excavated in 1810, before three further digs between 1813 and 1852. It was fully unearthed in 1943.
The house鈥檚 many rooms are centered around a large, Tuscan style atrium with a well preserved central impluvium, a basin used for collecting rain water. Beyond the atrium, the house鈥檚 central courtyard widens to incorporate a central peristyle. It features sixteen Ionic columns which once supported the peristyle roof. They are one of the best preserved features of the building. Sadly, many of the house鈥檚 decorative features have been eroded by the elements. Those in charge of preserving Pompei face a constant battle to keep the city鈥檚 ornate frescoes and decorative features safe from the elements, particularly within buildings, like the House of the Pansa, which were discovered first.
The house鈥檚 many rooms are centered around a large, Tuscan style atrium with a well preserved central impluvium, a basin used for collecting rain water. Beyond the atrium, the house鈥檚 central courtyard widens to incorporate a central peristyle. It features sixteen Ionic columns which once supported the peristyle roof. They are one of the best preserved features of the building. Sadly, many of the house鈥檚 decorative features have been eroded by the elements. Those in charge of preserving Pompei face a constant battle to keep the city鈥檚 ornate frescoes and decorative features safe from the elements, particularly within buildings, like the House of the Pansa, which were discovered first.
15) Bakery and Vicolo Storto
Pompei鈥檚 largest bakery is located in the Vicolo Storto area, a market place area similar to the Forum, which is also known for housing the only known brothel in the city. The building is one of a remarkable thirty five mills and bakeries discovered in the ruins of Pompei; by contrast, no other sufficiently preserved Roman bakeries have been recovered anywhere else in the world. The bakeries of Pompei therefore give us a unique insight into the advanced milling industry possessed by the Roman Empire. It is thought that the majority of citizens would have travelled to bakeries to collect bread, as there was no facility to bake it at home.
The machinery used to produce bread here consists of millstones, formed from igneous rock, which were turned by mules or donkeys, grinding grains that fell through an hourglass-shaped funnel and through the millstones. It has been suggested that whilst this appears a fairly primitive method, there may been improved techniques in operation within larger cities such as Rome and Naples. The mills of Rome were hard places to work 鈥� Apuleius, a Roman author, recorded the hardships of the women, slaves and animals that were put to work in bakeries. The playwright Plautus himself worked in a bakery at one time, and wrote about the struggles of life in the mill.
The machinery used to produce bread here consists of millstones, formed from igneous rock, which were turned by mules or donkeys, grinding grains that fell through an hourglass-shaped funnel and through the millstones. It has been suggested that whilst this appears a fairly primitive method, there may been improved techniques in operation within larger cities such as Rome and Naples. The mills of Rome were hard places to work 鈥� Apuleius, a Roman author, recorded the hardships of the women, slaves and animals that were put to work in bakeries. The playwright Plautus himself worked in a bakery at one time, and wrote about the struggles of life in the mill.
16) Central Baths
The Central Baths are located on the corner of two main streets in Pompei 鈥� via Stabiana and via di Nola. They were built as part of the city鈥檚 regeneration plans following the earthquake of AD 62, and may have replaced a destroyed building on this site. The relative modernity of the building is shown in the use of skylights and a larger outdoor gymnasium 鈥� hallmarks of later Roman bathhouses.
The baths were designed with many of the features found in most Roman bathhouses. They included a large central palaestra, with an adjacent apodyterium for changing and relaxing. The bathing rooms themselves consisted of a lukewarm pool (tepidarium) and two hot baths in the caldarium. One unusual feature was the laconicum, a room with an intense, dry heat 鈥� similar to the modern saunas thought to have originated in Scandinavia.
Built with access from all four sides, the baths occupied an entire block of the city. The presence of a new bath house, designed to be ultra modern and exquisitely decorated, suggests that the surrounding area was to become more central in the regeneration of Pompei. Sadly, it appears the baths were never used 鈥� many of the pools were still incomplete at the time of the eruption of Vesuvius.
The baths were designed with many of the features found in most Roman bathhouses. They included a large central palaestra, with an adjacent apodyterium for changing and relaxing. The bathing rooms themselves consisted of a lukewarm pool (tepidarium) and two hot baths in the caldarium. One unusual feature was the laconicum, a room with an intense, dry heat 鈥� similar to the modern saunas thought to have originated in Scandinavia.
Built with access from all four sides, the baths occupied an entire block of the city. The presence of a new bath house, designed to be ultra modern and exquisitely decorated, suggests that the surrounding area was to become more central in the regeneration of Pompei. Sadly, it appears the baths were never used 鈥� many of the pools were still incomplete at the time of the eruption of Vesuvius.
17) House of the Golden Cupids
The House of the Golden Cupids was first excavated between 1903 and 1905. It is situated on the via del Vesuvio, and is believed to have been owned by Gnaeus Poppaeus Habitus, a wealthy local figure. Hidden behind an unremarkable fa莽ade, the house is renowned for several ornate third style artworks discovered on its walls. Dating from the end of the reign of Augustus Caesar, the third style is defined by delicate, colourful frescoes, influenced by Egyptian art.
The walls of the house feature a number of red and yellow panels with elaborate paintings at their centre. Whilst many of the artworks have faded, there are a number of surviving artworks depicting mythical scenes. In the atrium, the only surviving panel is a fresco of Helen and Paris meeting at Sparta. The exedra, an alcove off to one side of the atrium, features a number of large panels depicting scenes from Roman life. Both the exedra and tablinum, or main living room, have fine mosaics on their floors.
The building gained its name from two glass discs, found in a cubiculum, with cherubs etched onto them. The room also features a remarkable fourth style decoration 鈥� a symmetrical pattern of painted red and yellow patterned hexagons, which almost resembles modern wallpaper. Many of the rooms also feature frescoes on their ceilings, making the house one of the most heavily decorated in the city.
The walls of the house feature a number of red and yellow panels with elaborate paintings at their centre. Whilst many of the artworks have faded, there are a number of surviving artworks depicting mythical scenes. In the atrium, the only surviving panel is a fresco of Helen and Paris meeting at Sparta. The exedra, an alcove off to one side of the atrium, features a number of large panels depicting scenes from Roman life. Both the exedra and tablinum, or main living room, have fine mosaics on their floors.
The building gained its name from two glass discs, found in a cubiculum, with cherubs etched onto them. The room also features a remarkable fourth style decoration 鈥� a symmetrical pattern of painted red and yellow patterned hexagons, which almost resembles modern wallpaper. Many of the rooms also feature frescoes on their ceilings, making the house one of the most heavily decorated in the city.
18) House of Dioscuri
The House of the Dioscuri is named after Castor and Pollux, the sons of Jupiter and Leda, who were collectively known as the Dioscuri. The house, an expansive villa complex in keeping with many in Pompei, does have an unusual feature at its centre. The atrium is in the Corinthian style, and is surrounded by twelve tufa columns. Other houses in Pompei tend to be built around either Tuscan atriums without surrounding columns, or tetrastyle atriums, which have four columns. The atrium has a central impluvium and tablinum, whilst the walls were once richly decorated with frescoes. Many of these have been transferred to museums, to protect them from the elements and bring them to a wider audience.
There are still a number of frescoes visible within the house, many depicting elaborate carpets and architecture, as well as a number of fine still life 鈥榝ourth style鈥� artworks. Behind the atrium, there is a porticoed courtyard flanked with Doric columns, and a peristyle, complete with a large basin in the centre. There are several wall paintings around the peristyle, which are in the same style as those found in the House of the Vettii. This has led to the theory that these works were created by the same artist, whose services were paid for by the wealthy home owners.
There are still a number of frescoes visible within the house, many depicting elaborate carpets and architecture, as well as a number of fine still life 鈥榝ourth style鈥� artworks. Behind the atrium, there is a porticoed courtyard flanked with Doric columns, and a peristyle, complete with a large basin in the centre. There are several wall paintings around the peristyle, which are in the same style as those found in the House of the Vettii. This has led to the theory that these works were created by the same artist, whose services were paid for by the wealthy home owners.
19) House of the Meleager
The House of Meleager is known for its range of artworks, spanning from the first to fourth styles. Art historians have divided the frescoes and other works found in Pompei into four styles, ordered chronologically from the introduction of Roman culture in 150 BC to the destruction of the city almost 250 years later. Each era is known for different methods of painting, and identified by the objects that feature in the artwork. The House of Meleager is an excellent starting point for those learning the subtle differences between the four artistic styles of Pompei.
The house is named after Meleager, a mythical Greek hero and one of Jason鈥檚 band of Argonauts. There is a faded painting of Meleager with his lover Atalanta close to the house鈥檚 left entrance. The house is also notable for its unusual layout, featuring a perpendicular peristyle to the north of the central atrium. The peristyle houses a garden and swimming pool. At the front of the house you will find an oecus, a sort of drawing room, designed in the Corinthian style. The rooms located around the atrium still have their well preserved original white tiled floors, as well as an array of mythically themed frescoes.
The house is named after Meleager, a mythical Greek hero and one of Jason鈥檚 band of Argonauts. There is a faded painting of Meleager with his lover Atalanta close to the house鈥檚 left entrance. The house is also notable for its unusual layout, featuring a perpendicular peristyle to the north of the central atrium. The peristyle houses a garden and swimming pool. At the front of the house you will find an oecus, a sort of drawing room, designed in the Corinthian style. The rooms located around the atrium still have their well preserved original white tiled floors, as well as an array of mythically themed frescoes.
20) House of Apollo
The House of Apollo is a good example of an ancient home, probably constructed during the Samnite period, which was developed in later years by the Romans. Believed to be one of Pompei鈥檚 oldest buildings, it features a number of well preserved decorations that belong to the fourth style, an artistic method popular in the years before the city was destroyed. These art works mostly depict mythical events, a popular theme during this period. Amongst these works is a depiction of Apollo, Greek god of light and knowledge, and Marsyas, which gives the house its name.
The image of Apollo decorates the walls of an unusual room housed within the garden. Thought to be a cubiculum, a small interior room normally used as a bedroom or study, it features mosaics around its entrance, and a series of mock buildings which resemble the structure of a theatre. The house also features a number of the traditional features associated with Roman villas, including a triclinium, atrium and tablinium. It is not known who owned the House of Apollo, though it is suspected that like many homes in Pompei, it belonged to a wealthy local business figure, such as a trader, rather than a member of the aristocracy.
The image of Apollo decorates the walls of an unusual room housed within the garden. Thought to be a cubiculum, a small interior room normally used as a bedroom or study, it features mosaics around its entrance, and a series of mock buildings which resemble the structure of a theatre. The house also features a number of the traditional features associated with Roman villas, including a triclinium, atrium and tablinium. It is not known who owned the House of Apollo, though it is suspected that like many homes in Pompei, it belonged to a wealthy local business figure, such as a trader, rather than a member of the aristocracy.
21) House of Sallustio
The House of Sallustio is situated in the western quarter of Pompei, close to the Porta Ercolano gate. It is believed to be one of Pompei鈥檚 oldest surviving buildings, dating back to the 3rd century BC. Like many large houses in the city, it features a number of small rooms built around a central atrium. Behind the tablinum, there is a small covered portico and garden. Within the garden there is an unusual room, which appears to be a form of summer dining area, complete with stone couches. Many of the house鈥檚 rooms face onto the streets outside, and were converted into shops, bakeries and even a bar.
Like many wealthy landowners in Pompei, it appears that the owner of this property may have used portions of it as a boarding house for travelers arriving through the Porta Ercolano. Many of the rooms have small, segregated garden areas, with a large restaurant area nearby. Whilst an inscription has led the house to be attributed to Sallustio, it is now believed to have been owned by Cossius Libanus. The building, damaged by bombing in 1943, houses a number of artworks, including a fresco of the god Actaeon, and a bronze statue of a faun.
Like many wealthy landowners in Pompei, it appears that the owner of this property may have used portions of it as a boarding house for travelers arriving through the Porta Ercolano. Many of the rooms have small, segregated garden areas, with a large restaurant area nearby. Whilst an inscription has led the house to be attributed to Sallustio, it is now believed to have been owned by Cossius Libanus. The building, damaged by bombing in 1943, houses a number of artworks, including a fresco of the god Actaeon, and a bronze statue of a faun.
22) Porta Ercolano and Necropolis
Porta Ercolano is one of the main gates leading through Pompei鈥檚 ancient walls. Composed of three barrel arches, it opens onto the Roman road linking the city to nearby Herculaneum. The gate was built by the Sullans following their conquest of Pompei in 80 BC, although this had been an access point through the city walls since the 3rd century BC. It now marks the route for tourists visiting Herculaneum and the Villa of the Mysteries, which both lie north-west of the historic site of Pompei. Passing through the gate on the left side, you can see marks in the walls where stones, launched by catapult, struck against them.
Halfway along the road from Porta Ercolano to the Villa of the Mysteries lies the Necropolis. Dating from the 1st century BC, it is the largest and most noteworthy cemetery discovered in Pompei. The large tomb here houses cremated bodies, placed in urns and interned in the tomb wall. Local figures buried here have their resting places marked with a human bust. Look out for a number of unusual tombs, including a columned platform flanked with statues, and the marble covered tombs of local luminaries, apparently designed to look like temple altars.
Halfway along the road from Porta Ercolano to the Villa of the Mysteries lies the Necropolis. Dating from the 1st century BC, it is the largest and most noteworthy cemetery discovered in Pompei. The large tomb here houses cremated bodies, placed in urns and interned in the tomb wall. Local figures buried here have their resting places marked with a human bust. Look out for a number of unusual tombs, including a columned platform flanked with statues, and the marble covered tombs of local luminaries, apparently designed to look like temple altars.
23) The Street of Tombs
Entering the city of Pompei one can't help noticing the row of tombs set along the road. Called the Street of Tombs, this cemetery stretches from the Herculaneum Gate along the road which leads towards Herculaneum, a nearby town, which, together with Pompeii, was destroyed by the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD.
The graves were placed here on purpose. Since it was forbidden to bury bodies inside the walls of Pompeii, this street outside the city, which, back in the day, was a busy road filled with travelers and lined with numerous shops, was chosen as a suitable burial ground.
It contains over 30 tombs, reflecting the wealth of those buried. The family of the deceased would sometimes have a meal at the tomb and pour a libation of wine, or blood, down a tube to the grave urn. This way the Romans believed the dead could share a meal with them.
The greater portion of the Street of Tombs was cleared in Spring 1813 under the 鈥渓iberal patronage鈥� of Napoleon鈥檚 sister, Caroline Murat, who was Queen of Naples during the French occupation of 1808-1815.
Passing through the picturesque plane balanced by the horizontally spread, light-filled ruins, cradled between the pastoral foreground and sleeping mountain at the back, this Street stands as a reminder that the entire city is a monument to the ancient Romans who perished here 2,000 years ago.
The graves were placed here on purpose. Since it was forbidden to bury bodies inside the walls of Pompeii, this street outside the city, which, back in the day, was a busy road filled with travelers and lined with numerous shops, was chosen as a suitable burial ground.
It contains over 30 tombs, reflecting the wealth of those buried. The family of the deceased would sometimes have a meal at the tomb and pour a libation of wine, or blood, down a tube to the grave urn. This way the Romans believed the dead could share a meal with them.
The greater portion of the Street of Tombs was cleared in Spring 1813 under the 鈥渓iberal patronage鈥� of Napoleon鈥檚 sister, Caroline Murat, who was Queen of Naples during the French occupation of 1808-1815.
Passing through the picturesque plane balanced by the horizontally spread, light-filled ruins, cradled between the pastoral foreground and sleeping mountain at the back, this Street stands as a reminder that the entire city is a monument to the ancient Romans who perished here 2,000 years ago.
24) Villa of Diomedes
The Villa of Diomedes is located midway between the Villa of Mysteries and the city walls, on via dei Sepolcri. The rooms of this large, elegant villa were constructed around a fourteen column peristyle. The bathing area was located on the near side of the peristyle, adjacent to the road. On the opposite side stands the former triclinium, which has stunning views over the Gulf of Naples. Looking out from the dining hall, you can see the villa鈥檚 garden below.
A building in the centre of this open space once contained a swimming pool, surrounded by covered areas for dining and relaxing. This is the most notorious spot within the villa complex, for rather grisly reasons. It was here that the master of the house was trapped, along with eighteen others, by the deadly eruption of 79 AD. Their remains were found when the villa was discovered and excavated in 1771. Many of the bodies were found with large amounts of jewellery on their person. In total, thirty four bodies were found in and around the complex. Even the villa鈥檚 name is derived from a tomb 鈥� that of Marcus Arrius Diomedes, which lies across the road in the town鈥檚 necropolis.
A building in the centre of this open space once contained a swimming pool, surrounded by covered areas for dining and relaxing. This is the most notorious spot within the villa complex, for rather grisly reasons. It was here that the master of the house was trapped, along with eighteen others, by the deadly eruption of 79 AD. Their remains were found when the villa was discovered and excavated in 1771. Many of the bodies were found with large amounts of jewellery on their person. In total, thirty four bodies were found in and around the complex. Even the villa鈥檚 name is derived from a tomb 鈥� that of Marcus Arrius Diomedes, which lies across the road in the town鈥檚 necropolis.
25) Villa of the Mysteries (must see)
The Villa of the Mysteries is one of the most well known buildings in the historic area around Mount Vesuvius. It is not situated within Pompei itself, lying around 500 metres northwest of the main city. Believed to be a suburban villa, which were commonplace in Roman times, it can easily be reached on foot from the centre of Pompei. Admission into the city centre will usually allow access to the villa, as well as the nearby settlement of Herculaneum.
The villa is one of the best preserved buildings in the Pompei area, as it suffered little damage during either the 62 AD earthquake or the tremors prior to the eruption of Vesuvius seventeen years later. The walls of the building are lined with some of the best kept and most detailed frescoes surviving from the Roman era. The Villa of the Mysteries earned its name from the unusual paintings on the walls of the triclinium, a formal dining hall found in most Roman villas.
The frescoes in the dining hall appear to show some form of ritual, although nobody is certain of its purpose. One theory suggests the woman pictured in the frescoes is being inducted into the cult of Dionysus. An alternative idea put forward is that the paintings show an ancient marriage ritual. The dining hall also features well preserved serving areas, which may have been used to make wine and olive oil.
The villa is one of the best preserved buildings in the Pompei area, as it suffered little damage during either the 62 AD earthquake or the tremors prior to the eruption of Vesuvius seventeen years later. The walls of the building are lined with some of the best kept and most detailed frescoes surviving from the Roman era. The Villa of the Mysteries earned its name from the unusual paintings on the walls of the triclinium, a formal dining hall found in most Roman villas.
The frescoes in the dining hall appear to show some form of ritual, although nobody is certain of its purpose. One theory suggests the woman pictured in the frescoes is being inducted into the cult of Dionysus. An alternative idea put forward is that the paintings show an ancient marriage ritual. The dining hall also features well preserved serving areas, which may have been used to make wine and olive oil.
Walking Tours in Pompei, Italy
Create Your Own Walk in Pompei
Creating your own self-guided walk in Pompei is easy and fun. Choose the city attractions that you want to see and a walk route map will be created just for you. You can even set your hotel as the start point of the walk.
Pompeii Introduction Walk I
Modern-day Pompei is best known for its ancient predecessor, the Roman city of Pompeii, that fell victim to the massive eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD. The ruins of Pompeii, first uncovered in the late 18th century, were declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1997. Presently, this is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Italy, drawing annually up to 2.5 million visitors.
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Tour Duration: 2 Hour(s)
Travel Distance: 2.0 Km or 1.2 Miles
The... view more
Tour Duration: 2 Hour(s)
Travel Distance: 2.0 Km or 1.2 Miles
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